Several markers are studied like α-Smooth Muscle Actin, Fibroblast-Specific Protein 1, Fibroblast Activation Protein, desmin, etc. In breast cancer, CAFs can have multiple origins: intralobular fibroblasts, interlobular fibroblasts, Mesenchymal Stem Cells in particular from the adipose tissue etc. However, CAFs are composed of a very heterogeneous population. In order to study these CAFs, scientists are looking for markers. This, in combination with the increased extracellular environment stiffness, they lead to a lower accessibility of drugs to the tumor and thus a resistance to treatments. They also favor cell stemness and alter the vascular system. They modulate immune cells by secreting cytokines. ![]() ![]() They also influence tumor cells by stimulating their growth and migration. ![]() They still secrete ECM components leading to a fibrosis in the tissue. But in the case of cancer, they are chronically activated. They secrete growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) components to heal the wound. In physiological conditions, myofibroblasts are activated following a wound. Moreover, an increased rigidity of the environment can lead to the generation of activated fibroblasts that are called myofibroblasts or CAFs in the case of cancer. In our previous articles, we described the pro-tumoral effect of the extracellular environment.
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